CLAT Current Affairs Notes | 4 August 2026 | The Hindu + Indian Express + Times of India

1. Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Amendment Bill, 2026 Passed by Lok Sabha

Source: LiveLaw, SCC Online, The Wire | Category: Indian Polity & Constitutional Law

What Happened?

The Lok Sabha passed the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Amendment Bill, 2026 on August 3, 2026, increasing the sanctioned strength of Supreme Court judges from 34 to 38 (including the Chief Justice of India). The bill amends Section 2 of the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Act, 1956, replacing the earlier ordinance promulgated in May 2026. Retroactive effect has been given from May 16, 2026. Notably, the bill was passed in under 10 minutes, without any parliamentary debate, raising concerns about legislative scrutiny. The bill does not require a Constitutional amendment as Parliament holds statutory authority under Article 124 of the Constitution.

Why is this IMPORTANT?

• Direct CLAT relevance: Article 124 empowers Parliament to prescribe the number of SC judges through ordinary legislation — a frequently tested constitutional provision.
• The bill highlights the ongoing judicial pendency crisis in India (over 80,000 cases pending in the SC alone), making it a likely RC passage theme for CLAT.
• The manner of passage — without debate — raises constitutional questions about parliamentary accountability and legislative deliberation, relevant for CLAT's legal reasoning sections.
• Understanding the history of SC strength increases (30→33 in 2019, now 34→38 in 2026) helps students answer timeline-based MCQs.
• The earlier ordinance route (Article 123) and its replacement by statute reflects the relationship between executive ordinance-making and parliamentary legislation — a classic CLAT topic.

Key Static Concepts to Link

• Article 124(1): Establishes the Supreme Court and empowers Parliament to fix the number of judges
• Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Act, 1956: The parent legislation being amended
• Article 123: President's power to promulgate ordinances when Parliament is not in session
• Judicial Pendency: ~80,000+ cases pending before the SC; over 4 crore cases across all courts
• Collegium System: Judges appointed via Collegium recommendation to the President under Articles 124 and 217
• Chief Justice of India: Counted within the total strength (currently 38 including CJI)

Possible CLAT Questions

Q1. Under which Article of the Constitution does Parliament have the power to determine the number of judges in the Supreme Court? A. Article 123 B. Article 124 C. Article 217 D. Article 226

Q2. What was the sanctioned strength of the Supreme Court (including CJI) before the 2026 Amendment? A. 30 B. 33 C. 34 D. 36

Q3. The Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Amendment Bill, 2026 amends which legislation? A. The Constitution of India, 1950 B. The Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Act, 1956 C. The Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968 D. The High Courts Act, 1861

Q4. Before the 2026 bill, the ordinance route was used to temporarily increase judicial strength. Which article governs the President's ordinance-making power when Parliament is not in session? A. Article 111 B. Article 123 C. Article 124 D. Article 356

Q5. After the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Amendment Bill, 2026, the new sanctioned strength of the Supreme Court, including the Chief Justice of India, is: A. 34 B. 36 C. 38 D. 40

Answers: Q1-B, Q2-C, Q3-B, Q4-B, Q5-C

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2. Supreme Court Expands Domestic Violence Protections to Live-in Relationships

Source: NextIAS Headlines, Jnanaloka Current Affairs | Category: Indian Polity & Constitutional Law

What Happened?

The Supreme Court of India expanded the scope of domestic cruelty protections to encompass live-in relationships, clarifying that partners in a live-in relationship are entitled to the same legal remedies against domestic cruelty as those available to legally married couples. This landmark ruling bridges a critical gap in the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (PWDVA), which had previously been interpreted more narrowly. The court affirmed that the definition of "domestic relationship" under the PWDVA includes live-in partners, reinforcing constitutional protections of Articles 14 and 21.

Why is this IMPORTANT?

• The ruling directly interprets the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, a frequently tested legislation in CLAT's legal reasoning and RC sections.
• It connects to Article 21 (right to life and dignity) and Article 14 (equality before law), which the court used to support equal protection for all domestic partners.
• The judgment is likely to appear as a legal passage in CLAT 2027/2028 asking students to apply principles of domestic violence law to fact-situations involving live-in couples.
• It also raises questions about "domestic relationship" as defined under Section 2(f) of the PWDVA — CLAT often tests such statutory definitions.
• India's recognition of live-in relationships by courts (SPS Balasubramanyam v. Suruttayan, 1992; D. Velusamy v. D. Patchaiammal, 2010) forms important precedential context.

Key Static Concepts to Link

• Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005: Section 2(f) defines "domestic relationship" to include shared household; Section 2(a) defines "aggrieved person"
• Article 14: Equality before the law and equal protection of the laws
• Article 21: Right to life includes right to live with dignity
• D. Velusamy v. D. Patchaiammal (2010): SC held live-in relationship akin to marriage qualifies under PWDVA
• Section 498A IPC (now BNS Section 85): Cruelty by husband or relatives — now extended in spirit to live-in partners
• Domestic Relationship vs. Matrimonial Relationship: Key distinction in family law

Possible CLAT Questions

Q1. Under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, which section defines "domestic relationship"? A. Section 2(a) B. Section 2(d) C. Section 2(f) D. Section 3

Q2. The Supreme Court's ruling expanding domestic violence protections to live-in relationships draws primarily from which constitutional rights? A. Articles 19 and 25 B. Articles 14 and 21 C. Articles 32 and 226 D. Articles 44 and 51A

Q3. In which landmark case did the Supreme Court first hold that a live-in relationship, if it resembles a marriage, is protected under the PWDVA? A. SPS Balasubramanyam v. Suruttayan (1992) B. Indra Sarma v. V.K.V. Sarma (2013) C. D. Velusamy v. D. Patchaiammal (2010) D. Lata Singh v. State of UP (2006)

Q4. Which provision of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023 corresponds to Section 498A IPC regarding cruelty by husband or relatives? A. Section 79 B. Section 85 C. Section 64 D. Section 100

Q5. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 was enacted under which legislative entry? A. Entry 1, List I (Union List) — Defence B. Entry 5, List III (Concurrent List) — Marriage and divorce C. Entry 93, List I (Union List) — Foreign affairs D. Entry 66, List III (Concurrent List) — Legal, medical and other professions

Answers: Q1-C, Q2-B, Q3-C, Q4-B, Q5-B

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3. Cabinet Approves Samudra Manthan: National Offshore Exploration Scheme (₹84,084 Crore)

Source: PIB, Organiser, The Federal, DD India | Category: Major National Policies / Government Schemes

What Happened?

The Union Cabinet approved the "Samudra Manthan" (National Offshore Exploration Scheme) with a total outlay of ₹84,084 crore, marking one of India's largest energy-sector investments. The scheme is aimed at significantly enhancing offshore hydrocarbon exploration in India's Exclusive Economic Zone and continental shelf. Under this initiative, India's oil resource base is targeted to increase from 1,600 to 2,200 Million Metric Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (MMTOE), and annual offshore production from 62 to 80 MMTOE. The scheme involves drilling of 60 deepwater wells across unexplored offshore basins, including the Krishna-Godavari basin.

Why is this IMPORTANT?

• The scheme directly relates to India's energy security — a vital element in reducing India's oil import dependence (~85%), which has major economic and strategic implications.
• The name "Samudra Manthan" (churning of the ocean) connects to India's maritime domain and the doctrine of UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) — a high-priority CLAT topic for legal passages on EEZ and continental shelf rights.
• It links to Article 297 of the Constitution, which vests the continental shelf and EEZ resources in the Union government.
• The scheme intersects with India's Panchamrit commitments (net-zero by 2070) and the tension between fossil fuel development and clean energy transition — a recurring CLAT passage theme.
• The ₹84,084 crore outlay is a Central Sector Scheme (100% funded by Centre), demonstrating fiscal policy priorities.

Key Static Concepts to Link

• Article 297: "Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union"
• UNCLOS (1982): India ratified in 1995; defines EEZ (200 nautical miles), continental shelf (extended to 350 NM under certain conditions)
• Exclusive Economic Zone: India's EEZ covers ~2.37 million sq km
• DGH (Directorate General of Hydrocarbons): Regulatory body for upstream oil & gas in India
• OALP (Open Acreage Licensing Policy): Predecessor exploration policy under HELP framework
• ONGC & OIL (Oil India Ltd): Primary state-owned upstream oil & gas companies involved

Possible CLAT Questions

Q1. The Samudra Manthan (National Offshore Exploration Scheme) was approved with an outlay of: A. ₹50,000 crore B. ₹84,084 crore C. ₹1,00,000 crore D. ₹26,850 crore

Q2. Which Article of the Indian Constitution vests the resources of the Exclusive Economic Zone in the Union government? A. Article 245 B. Article 248 C. Article 297 D. Article 265

Q3. Under UNCLOS, the Exclusive Economic Zone of a coastal nation extends up to: A. 12 nautical miles B. 24 nautical miles C. 200 nautical miles D. 350 nautical miles

Q4. The Samudra Manthan scheme aims to increase India's offshore oil resource base from 1,600 MMTOE to: A. 1,800 MMTOE B. 2,000 MMTOE C. 2,200 MMTOE D. 2,500 MMTOE

Q5. Which regulatory body oversees upstream oil and gas exploration in India? A. SEBI B. DGH (Directorate General of Hydrocarbons) C. IRDAI D. PNGRB

Answers: Q1-B, Q2-C, Q3-C, Q4-C, Q5-B

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4. India Hosts 2nd BRICS Anti-Corruption Working Group Meeting in Hyderabad

Source: ANI, Deccan Chronicle, Orissa Diary | Category: International Relations / Global Summits

What Happened?

India hosted the 2nd BRICS Anti-Corruption Working Group (ACWG) Meeting and the 2nd BRICS Expert Network on Asset Recovery (ENAR) Meeting in Hyderabad on August 4–5, 2026, as part of India's BRICS Presidency 2026. The meetings were hosted by the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) and inaugurated by DoPT Secretary Rachna Shah. Three key areas of focus were: (1) tracing fugitive offenders in corruption cases, (2) enhancing asset recovery cooperation, and (3) addressing corruption risks in FinTech and digital assets. A side event on "Ethical Governance through Innovation and Tech-Driven Systems" was also held.

Why is this IMPORTANT?

• BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) with its expanded membership (now 10+ members including UAE, Iran, Egypt, etc.) is a major multilateral forum frequently featured in CLAT international relations passages.
• India's BRICS Presidency 2026 with the theme "Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability" (BRICS) is significant for geopolitical awareness.
• The focus on fugitive economic offenders (like Vijay Mallya, Nirav Modi) is directly linked to the Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 — an important legislation for CLAT students.
• The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 and the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 are key Indian laws whose international enforcement is strengthened through such multilateral cooperation.
• The digital corruption/FinTech angle connects to emerging legal frameworks around cryptocurrency regulation and digital asset oversight — increasingly tested in CLAT.

Key Static Concepts to Link

• BRICS: Established through Yekaterinburg Declaration (2009); expanded to BRICS+ in 2024 with UAE, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia
• Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018: Enables confiscation of properties of economic offenders who flee India to escape prosecution (threshold: offence >₹100 crore)
• Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002: Key legislation for cross-border financial crime
• UNCAC (United Nations Convention Against Corruption): International anti-corruption treaty — India ratified in 2011
• DoPT (Department of Personnel and Training): Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions — focal point for anti-corruption governance
• Interpol Red Notice: International fugitive tracing mechanism often referenced in asset recovery discussions

Possible CLAT Questions

Q1. India's BRICS Presidency 2026 theme is: A. "Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment" B. "Deepening BRICS Partnership for Equitable and Sustainable Development" C. "Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability" D. "Shaping a Shared Future in a Fractured World"

Q2. The Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018 applies to economic offenders where the value of the scheduled offence is more than: A. ₹50 crore B. ₹100 crore C. ₹500 crore D. ₹1,000 crore

Q3. The 2nd BRICS Anti-Corruption Working Group Meeting, 2026 was hosted by which Indian ministry/department? A. Ministry of Home Affairs B. Ministry of External Affairs C. Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) D. Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)

Q4. India ratified the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) in the year: A. 2003 B. 2005 C. 2011 D. 2015

Q5. BRICS expanded its membership in 2024. Which of the following is NOT one of the new members of expanded BRICS? A. United Arab Emirates B. Iran C. Egypt D. Turkey

Answers: Q1-C, Q2-B, Q3-C, Q4-C, Q5-D

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5. Centre Releases ₹1.09 Lakh Crore as Advance Tax Devolution to States

Source: FreeJobAlert, Jnanaloka Current Affairs | Category: Economy & Fiscal Federalism

What Happened?

The Central Government released an additional advance tax devolution instalment of ₹1,09,019 crore to states in August 2026, over and above regular monthly devolution transfers. Under the current fiscal framework, 41% of centrally collected taxes (as recommended by the 15th Finance Commission) are shared with states through 14 annual installments. This supplementary devolution was released ahead of schedule to support states with immediate development expenditure needs. The development comes in the backdrop of the RBI MPC meeting and the government's focus on fiscal federalism.

Why is this IMPORTANT?

• Fiscal Federalism and the Finance Commission are among the most-tested CLAT topics in constitutional law sections. Article 280 of the Constitution mandates the Finance Commission to recommend the sharing of tax proceeds between Centre and States.
• The 41% devolution ratio (15th Finance Commission) vs. the historical progression from 28% (10th FC) to 41% (15th FC) is a frequently asked fact.
• The concept of Divisible Pool (taxes shared with states) and its constituents is directly testable in CLAT.
• Advance devolution as a tool of cooperative federalism illustrates Centre-State financial relations — a recurring CLAT passage theme.
• Article 275 (grants in aid) and Article 282 (discretionary grants) are frequently confused with devolution — CLAT tests this distinction.

Key Static Concepts to Link

• Article 280: Establishment and mandate of the Finance Commission (constituted every 5 years)
• 15th Finance Commission (2021-26): Chaired by N.K. Singh; recommended 41% devolution to states
• Divisible Pool: All Central taxes (except surcharges and cesses) form the divisible pool for sharing
• Article 275: Parliament may make grants to states for meeting their development requirements
• Article 282: Both Centre and States may make any grant for any public purpose
• Horizontal Devolution Formula: Criteria used by FC to distribute among states — population, area, income distance, forest cover, demographic performance

Possible CLAT Questions

Q1. Which Article of the Indian Constitution establishes the Finance Commission? A. Article 275 B. Article 280 C. Article 282 D. Article 268

Q2. The 15th Finance Commission recommended what percentage of central taxes to be devolved to states? A. 32% B. 36% C. 38% D. 41%

Q3. Which of the following is EXCLUDED from the Divisible Pool for tax sharing with states? A. Income Tax B. GST (Central share) C. Surcharges and Cesses levied by the Centre D. Corporation Tax

Q4. The 15th Finance Commission was chaired by: A. Dr. Y.V. Reddy B. Dr. C. Rangarajan C. N.K. Singh D. Arvind Panagariya

Q5. Tax devolution to states is constitutionally supported by: A. Article 265 B. Article 270 C. Article 293 D. Article 312

Answers: Q1-B, Q2-D, Q3-C, Q4-C, Q5-B

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6. India Introduces SHANTI Framework for Bay of Bengal Maritime Security

Source: PMF IAS, Shankar IAS Parliament | Category: International Relations / India's Foreign Policy

What Happened?

India's External Affairs Minister introduced the SHANTI (Securing Holistic Advancement through Norms, Trust, and Integrity) framework — a new maritime security strategy for the Bay of Bengal region. The strategy prioritizes cooperative stewardship over unllateral military dominance, addressing transnational challenges such as illegal fishing, human trafficking, cyber threats, and climate-related coastal vulnerabilities. The framework aligns with India's "Neighbourhood First" and SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) doctrines, countering Chinese naval expansion in the Indian Ocean Region. India aims to finalize the BIMSTEC Maritime Security Agreement as a key implementation step.

Why is this IMPORTANT?

• SAGAR doctrine (Security and Growth for All in the Region) and India's Indo-Pacific strategy are frequently tested in CLAT passages on international relations.
• The Bay of Bengal is a strategic maritime corridor — being the world's largest bay - and its security is linked to India's territorial integrity and economic interests.
• BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) is an important regional organization linking South Asia and Southeast Asia — tested in CLAT.
• The UNCLOS framework for maritime jurisdiction (territorial waters, contiguous zone, EEZ, high seas) applies directly to Bay of Bengal security issues.
• China's expanding naval footprint in the Indian Ocean (String of Pearls strategy) and India's countermeasures make for compelling CLAT passage topics.

Key Static Concepts to Link

• SAGAR Doctrine: Introduced by PM Lodi in 2015 at Mauritius; India's maritime vision for the Indian Ocean Region
• BIMSTEC: Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation; 7 members — India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Nepal, Bhutan
• Bay of Bengal: World's largest bay; borders India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia
• UNCLOS Zones: Internal Waters → Territorial Sea (12 NM) → Contiguous Zone (24 NM) → EEZ (200 NM) → Continental Shelf → High Seas
• String of Pearls: China's strategic network of maritime nodes (Gwadar, Hambantota, Chittagong) in IOR
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