Daily CLAT Current Affairs for 24 July 2026 — covers 11 CLAT-relevant topics including JPC Defers Report on 130th Constitution Amendment Bill (30-Day Arrest Clause), Prevention of Insults to National Honour (Amendment) Bill 2026 Formally Introduced in Rajya Sabha, Income Tax (Amendment) Bill 2026 FII Exemption, RBI State of Economy Report July 2026, 2026 Iran War Impact on India's Economy & Energy Security, Madhya Pradesh UCC Bill 2026 (4th State), Jan Aushadhi Yojana Rs 45,000 Crore Parliament Update, EU 21st Sanctions Package Against Russia, Exercise Pitch Black 2026 India's Rafale Debut in Australia, Anil Menon Indian-Origin NASA Astronaut's First ISS Mission, and Supreme Court on NEET-UG Structural Reforms.
1. JPC Defers Report on 130th Constitution Amendment Bill — 30-Day Arrest Clause for PM/CMs
Source: Free Press Journal, Outlook India, Open Magazine | Category: Indian Polity & Constitutional Law
What Happened?
The Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) examining the Constitution (130th Amendment) Bill deferred the adoption of its draft report on July 24, 2026. JPC Chairperson Aparajita Sarangi stated that a unanimous view emerged that further stakeholder consultations were necessary before finalising the report. Opposition MPs Asaduddin Owaisi and Supriya Sule withdrew their dissent notes following the committee's decision to defer, signalling a temporary bipartisan consensus on the need for caution.
Why is this IMPORTANT for CLAT?
- The 130th Constitution Amendment Bill proposes that Prime Ministers, Chief Ministers, and other Ministers be automatically removed from office if arrested and detained for 30 or more consecutive days on charges carrying imprisonment of five years or more — a provision with direct constitutional implications.
- This raises fundamental questions about the presumption of innocence (Article 21), separation of powers, and the constitutional status of elected office holders — classic CLAT passage themes.
- The JPC mechanism itself is a core feature of India's parliamentary procedure that CLAT passages regularly test — understanding how a bill is referred to a JPC, its functions, and how it differs from a Standing Committee is important.
- The clause has generated fierce constitutional debate on whether automatic removal without judicial conviction violates Article 14 (equality) and Article 21 (due process) of the Constitution.
Key Static Concepts to Link
- Article 75 & 164: Provisions relating to appointment and tenure of the Prime Minister and Chief Ministers — neither Article explicitly provides for removal upon arrest.
- Article 21: The right to life and personal liberty, which includes due process protections and the presumption of innocence.
- Article 14: Right to equality — differential treatment of convicted vs. merely arrested office holders.
- Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC): An ad hoc body formed for a specific bill; different from the Department-related Standing Committee.
- Tenth Schedule (Anti-Defection Law): Governs disqualification of MPs/MLAs — does NOT apply to arrest situations.
- Constitution Amendment Process (Article 368): The 130th Amendment requires a Special Majority (two-thirds of members present and voting + majority of total membership) in both Houses, plus ratification by at least half the State Legislatures if it alters federal structure.
Possible CLAT Questions
Q1. The Constitution (130th Amendment) Bill, 2026 primarily seeks to: A. Increase the strength of the Supreme Court to 37 judges B. Provide for automatic suspension of ministers arrested for 30+ days on serious charges C. Operationalise women's reservation in Lok Sabha seats D. Establish a National Delimitation Commission with independent status
Q2. Which Article of the Indian Constitution governs the procedure for constitutional amendments? A. Article 356 B. Article 368 C. Article 226 D. Article 32
Q3. A Joint Parliamentary Committee differs from a Standing Committee in that: A. A JPC is a permanent body while a Standing Committee is temporary B. A JPC is constituted for a specific bill or purpose while a Standing Committee is permanent C. Only Rajya Sabha members sit on a JPC D. A JPC can only examine Bills already passed by the Lok Sabha
Q4. The principle of "presumption of innocence until proven guilty" in India is primarily drawn from: A. Article 14 read with Article 21 B. Article 19(1)(a) C. Article 32 alone D. The Indian Evidence Act, 1872 alone
Q5. Which of the following statements about the 130th Constitution Amendment Bill is correct? A. It passed both Houses of Parliament with a two-thirds majority in July 2026 B. The JPC deferred adoption of its draft report to allow more stakeholder consultations C. The Supreme Court stayed the bill's operation pending judicial review D. The bill was introduced in the Rajya Sabha and is awaiting Lok Sabha consideration
Answers: Q1-B, Q2-B, Q3-B, Q4-A, Q5-B
2. Vande Mataram Bill Introduced in Rajya Sabha — House Adjourned Amid Opposition Uproar
Source: Free Press Journal, UNI India, Social News XYZ, NewGram | Category: Indian Polity & Constitutional Law / Parliamentary Proceedings
What Happened?
On July 24, 2026 (Monsoon Session Day 5), the Prevention of Insults to National Honour (Amendment) Bill, 2026 was formally introduced in the Rajya Sabha by Minister of State for Home Affairs Nityanand Rai. The Bill was passed through a voice vote for introduction amid noisy scenes. Left parties — particularly CPI(M) — staged a fierce protest, contending that the bill raises constitutional concerns around freedom of speech and the criminalisation of patriotism. The House was subsequently adjourned till Monday due to the uproar.
Why is this IMPORTANT for CLAT?
- The bill extends the scope of the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971, making intentional obstruction or insult of the national song Vande Mataram a punishable offence (up to 3 years imprisonment) — equivalent to the existing protection for the National Anthem (Jana Gana Mana).
- This directly engages Article 19(1)(a) (freedom of speech and expression) versus the reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2), making it prime CLAT passage material on constitutional balancing.
- The "national song" vs. "national anthem" distinction is a tested static concept — Vande Mataram was adopted as the national song in 1950 but has no separate statutory recognition unlike the National Anthem under the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971.
- The constitutional validity of compelled patriotic expression (e.g., standing for anthem) was tested in Bijoe Emmanuel v. State of Kerala (1986), a landmark CLAT-favourite case.
Key Static Concepts to Link
- Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971: The parent Act; Section 3 criminalises insults to the national anthem; the 2026 Amendment seeks to add equivalent protection for the national song.
- National Anthem vs. National Song: Jana Gana Mana (national anthem adopted January 24, 1950); Vande Mataram (national song, from Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay's Anandamath, adopted January 24, 1950) — same date, different legal status.
- Article 19(1)(a): Freedom of speech and expression; includes the right NOT to speak in some interpretations.
- Article 19(2): Permits reasonable restrictions on free speech in interests of sovereignty, public order, morality, etc.
- Bijoe Emmanuel v. State of Kerala (1986): SC held that Jehovah's Witnesses students could NOT be forced to sing the national anthem; compelled expression violates Article 19(1)(a).
- Rajya Sabha (Council of States): Articles 80–88 govern its composition and powers; Money Bills cannot be introduced here but constitutional amendment bills and ordinary bills can.
Possible CLAT Questions
Q1. Which of the following songs is India's national song? A. Jana Gana Mana B. Vande Mataram C. Saare Jahan Se Achha D. Mile Sur Mera Tumhara
Q2. The Prevention of Insults to National Honour (Amendment) Bill, 2026 seeks to: A. Impose a fine on companies that do not play the national anthem before meetings B. Extend legal protection similar to the national anthem to the national song Vande Mataram C. Make the national song compulsory in all government schools D. Criminalise criticism of national symbols on social media
Q3. In Bijoe Emmanuel v. State of Kerala (1986), the Supreme Court held that: A. Students must compulsorily recite the national anthem in schools B. Compelled singing of the national anthem violates fundamental rights C. The Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 is unconstitutional D. Only Parliament can decide national symbols by law
Q4. Which Article of the Constitution can be invoked to challenge a law that criminalises the refusal to sing the national song? A. Article 25 (Freedom of Religion) and Article 19(1)(a) (Freedom of Expression) B. Article 14 and Article 21 C. Article 32 alone D. Article 226 alone
Q5. The national anthem and national song of India were both adopted on: A. August 15, 1947 B. November 26, 1949 C. January 24, 1950 D. January 26, 1950
Answers: Q1-B, Q2-B, Q3-B, Q4-A, Q5-C
3. Income Tax (Amendment) Bill 2026 — Exempting Foreign Institutional Investors on Government Securities
Source: Business Today, Outlook Money, The Tribune | Category: Economy: Regulation & New Financial Instruments
What Happened?
The Income-tax (Amendment) Bill, 2026 was introduced in Parliament during the current Monsoon Session (July 20–August 13) to replace the Income-tax (Amendment) Ordinance, 2026. The Bill exempts foreign institutional investors (FIIs) and the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) from income tax on earnings arising from investment in, sale, and transfer of government securities. The move is aimed at attracting stable global capital inflows into India's sovereign debt market and deepening the government securities market.
Why is this IMPORTANT for CLAT?
- The use of an Ordinance — a key constitutional provision under Article 123 (President) and Article 213 (Governor) — and its subsequent replacement by an Act is a tested constitutional procedure; CLAT passages often contrast the Ordinance-making power with the legislative process.
- The distinction between "Ordinance" and "Act" and the constitutional requirement to replace an ordinance within six weeks of the reassembly of Parliament is critical static knowledge.
- FII investment and its regulatory framework under SEBI and FEMA is tested in economic law contexts in CLAT.
- The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) — often called the "central bank of central banks" — is a high-frequency static fact in CLAT GK.
Key Static Concepts to Link
- Article 123: The President's Ordinance-making power when Parliament is not in session; the Ordinance must be laid before Parliament and ceases to operate after six weeks of reassembly.
- Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs): Entities registered outside India investing in India's financial markets; regulated by SEBI and governed by FEMA, 1999.
- Bank for International Settlements (BIS): Founded in 1930, headquartered in Basel, Switzerland; serves as a bank for central banks and promotes monetary and financial stability.
- Government Securities (G-Secs): Debt instruments issued by the Government of India to borrow money; traded on the RBI's NDS-OM platform.
- FEMA, 1999: Replaces FERA; governs foreign exchange management and cross-border investment in India.
- SEBI Act, 1992: Regulates securities markets; FIIs must register with SEBI for portfolio investment.
Possible CLAT Questions
Q1. The Income-tax (Amendment) Bill, 2026 was introduced to replace which legal instrument? A. A Central Government Notification B. A Presidential Ordinance C. A Supreme Court directive D. A SEBI circular
Q2. Under Article 123 of the Indian Constitution, a Presidential Ordinance ceases to operate: A. Six weeks after the next general election B. Six weeks after reassembly of Parliament, if not passed as an Act C. Three months after its promulgation D. Immediately when Parliament is in session
Q3. The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) is headquartered in: A. New York, USA B. Geneva, Switzerland C. Basel, Switzerland D. Frankfurt, Germany
Q4. Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) investing in India must primarily register with: A. Reserve Bank of India (RBI) B. Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) C. Ministry of Finance D. Enforcement Directorate (ED)
Q5. Government securities (G-Secs) are primarily issued by the Government of India to: A. Regulate the stock market B. Raise funds by borrowing from investors C. Control foreign direct investment D. Fund SEBI's operational budget
Answers: Q1-B, Q2-B, Q3-C, Q4-B, Q5-B
4. RBI State of Economy Report July 2026 — India Resilient Despite Iran War & Weak Monsoon
Source: The Shillong Times, Business Today, Banking Finance | Category: Economy: Regulation & New Financial Instruments
What Happened?
The Reserve Bank of India's July 2026 "State of the Economy" report (released July 22–24) stated that India remains among the fastest-growing major economies globally despite growing risks from the ongoing 2026 Iran war and a weak southwest monsoon. The RBI highlighted healthy domestic demand, strong industrial and services performance, and robust credit growth as key resilience factors. It acknowledged risks from high crude oil prices, rupee depreciation, and uneven monsoon distribution, while noting that comfortable foodgrain stocks may mitigate food inflation.
Why is this IMPORTANT for CLAT?
- The RBI's "State of the Economy" report is a monthly publication tracking economic performance — CLAT passages on economic governance frequently cite RBI analyses.
- The interaction between global geopolitical events (Iran war) and domestic economic indicators (inflation, forex reserves, GDP growth) is a CLAT-tested analytical framework.
- The RBI's current repo rate of 5.25% (held unchanged in June 2026 MPC meeting) and neutral monetary stance are important static data points for CLAT 2027.
- The relationship between southwest monsoon, agricultural output, food inflation, and the RBI's inflation management mandate (4% ± 2% CPI target) is a frequently tested causal chain.
Key Static Concepts to Link
- RBI's Monetary Policy Framework (2016): India uses flexible inflation targeting (4% CPI ± 2%); the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) sets the repo rate.
- Repo Rate (Current: 5.25%): Rate at which commercial banks borrow from RBI against government securities; key tool for controlling liquidity and inflation.
- India's CPI Inflation (June 2026: 4.38%): Rose from 3.93% in May due to Iran war and monsoon concerns — remains within the RBI's 4% ± 2% tolerance band.
- India's GDP Growth (FY 2026-27 projection: ~6.6%): Revised downward from earlier estimates due to Iran war, weak monsoon, and global uncertainty.
- Southwest Monsoon: India's primary rainfall season (June–September); accounts for ~75% of annual rainfall; critically linked to Kharif crop production.
- RBI's "State of the Economy" Report: Monthly bulletin published by the RBI's Department of Economic and Policy Research (DEPR); contains macroeconomic assessment.
Possible CLAT Questions
Q1. India's Consumer Price Inflation rose to approximately what percentage in June 2026? A. 2.5% B. 3.93% C. 4.38% D. 5.75%
Q2. The RBI's current inflation target under the flexible inflation targeting framework is: A. 4% CPI ± 2% B. 6% WPI ± 1% C. 3% CPI with no tolerance band D. 5% GDP deflator
Q3. Which committee of the RBI decides the repo rate? A. Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC) B. Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) C. Board for Payment and Settlement Systems (BPSS) D. Reserve Bank of India Central Board
Q4. India's repo rate was held unchanged at _______ in the June 2026 MPC meeting: A. 4.75% B. 5.00% C. 5.25% D. 6.00%
Q5. The RBI's "State of the Economy" report is published by which department? A. Department of Banking Supervision (DBS) B. Department of External Investments and Operations (DEIO) C. Department of Economic and Policy Research (DEPR) D. Department of Currency Management (DCM)
Answers: Q1-C, Q2-A, Q3-B, Q4-C, Q5-C
5. 2026 Iran War — India's Strategic Response, Oil Crisis & Energy Security
Source: Bloomberg, CNBC, IFPRI, Wikipedia | Category: Major International Conflicts, Peace & Security / Economy
What Happened?
The 2026 Iran war (involving the United States and Iran, with escalation beginning in 2026) has significantly impacted India's economy and energy security. Crude oil prices climbed above $100 per barrel, with IFPRI warning of further rises above $125/barrel if the war persists into late 2026. India has shifted over 50% of its crude imports to Russian oil (2.6 million barrels/day), replacing Middle Eastern supplies disrupted by Strait of Hormuz tensions. India's June 2026 inflation rose partly due to higher fuel and food costs. The RBI Governor identified the Iran war and weak monsoon as the top two economic risks for India.
Why is this IMPORTANT for CLAT?
- The Strait of Hormuz — through which ~20% of global oil passes — and the Bab el-Mandeb Strait — through which ~one-third of India's trade passes — are "strategic chokepoints," a concept CLAT legal reasoning passages test in the context of international law, freedom of navigation, and UNCLOS.
- India's energy security strategy (diversifying crude sources, relying on Russian discounted oil, accelerating domestic renewables) is tested in policy and governance passages.
- India's "strategic autonomy" approach — not explicitly condemning the Iran war while maintaining trade ties with both the US and Russia — connects to CLAT passages on India's foreign policy doctrine.
- India's fertiliser sector faces raw material shortages due to disrupted Strait of Hormuz shipping, with direct impacts on agricultural law and food security policy.
Key Static Concepts to Link
- Strait of Hormuz: Narrow waterway between Iran and Oman; approximately 20% of global oil trade passes through it; governed by UNCLOS.
- Bab el-Mandeb Strait: Located between Yemen and Djibouti; critical to India-Europe and India-Africa trade routes.
- UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982): Governs freedom of navigation, exclusive economic zones (EEZ), and straits used for international navigation.
- India's Energy Mix (2026): India is the world's third-largest energy consumer; heavily reliant on imported crude oil (about 85% of domestic demand is met by imports).
- India's Strategic Petroleum Reserve: Maintained by Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Limited (ISPRL) at Visakhapatnam, Mangalore, and Padur.
- India-Russia Oil Trade: India benefits from discounted Russian Urals crude since 2022 Western sanctions on Russia; payments made in Indian Rupees and UAE Dirhams.
Possible CLAT Questions
Q1. The Strait of Hormuz connects which two bodies of water? A. Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal B. Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman C. Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea D. Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean
Q2. Which international convention primarily governs freedom of navigation through international straits? A. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 B. Geneva Conventions, 1949 C. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1982 D. Hague Regulations, 1907
Q3. India's Strategic Petroleum Reserves are maintained at which locations? A. Mumbai, Chennai, and Kochi B. Visakhapatnam, Mangalore, and Padur C. Delhi, Kolkata, and Hyderabad D. Bhopal, Jaipur, and Lucknow
Q4. In the context of the 2026 Iran war, the "shadow fleet" that was targeted by EU sanctions refers to: A. Indian Navy stealth submarines B. Tankers that transport sanctioned Russian oil C. Iranian military vessels operating in the Strait of Hormuz D. Merchant ships carrying arms to war zones
Q5. India shifted a significant portion of its crude oil imports from the Middle East to Russia in 2026, primarily because: A. Russia signed a free trade agreement with India in 2026 B. India and Iran have no diplomatic relations C. Russia offered heavily discounted crude oil following Western sanctions D. OPEC banned exports to India
Answers: Q1-B, Q2-C, Q3-B, Q4-B, Q5-C
6. Madhya Pradesh UCC Bill 2026 — India's 4th State to Adopt Uniform Civil Code
Source: The Logical Indian, The Federal, Deccan Herald, Next IAS | Category: Indian Polity & Constitutional Law
What Happened?
The Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly passed the Madhya Pradesh Uniform Civil Code (UCC) Bill, 2026 by voice vote on July 21, amid Congress opposition. With its passage, Madhya Pradesh became the fourth Indian state to adopt a UCC framework, after Uttarakhand (first, 2024), Gujarat (2026), and Assam (2026). The Bill bans polygamy, criminalises instant triple talaq and nikah halala, mandates registration of marriages, divorces, and live-in relationships, provides equal inheritance rights regardless of gender, and exempts Scheduled Tribes from its ambit. The bill now awaits the President's assent.
Why is this IMPORTANT for CLAT?
- A Uniform Civil Code (UCC) is mandated by Article 44 of the Indian Constitution as a Directive Principle of State Policy (DPSP) — it directs the State to endeavour to secure for citizens a uniform civil code — making it central to CLAT's legal reasoning and constitutional law passages.
- The UCC debate implicates Articles 25–28 (freedom of religion), Article 14 (equality), and Article 21 (right to life with dignity), making it an extraordinarily rich multi-Article legal topic.
- The exemption of Scheduled Tribes (as also seen in the Uttarakhand UCC) raises questions about Article 342 (Presidential notification of STs) and the Fifth and Sixth Schedules of the Constitution.
- The need for President's assent for State laws that touch upon Concurrent List subjects is a tested constitutional procedure (Article 200 and Article 201).
Key Static Concepts to Link
- Article 44: Part IV DPSP; directs the State to endeavour to secure a Uniform Civil Code for all citizens — it is a DPSP, not a fundamental right.
- Articles 25–28: Guarantee freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion; a UCC could engage these rights.
- Article 14: Equality before law; the UCC is premised on equal treatment of all citizens in civil matters irrespective of religion.
- Uttarakhand UCC 2024: India's first state-level UCC; enacted by Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly; received President's assent in 2024.
- Triple Talaq: Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017); criminalised by the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019.
- Fifth Schedule & Sixth Schedule: Provide special protections and governance frameworks for Scheduled Tribes and tribal areas respectively — relevant to UCC exemptions.
Possible CLAT Questions
Q1. Article 44 of the Indian Constitution, which deals with the Uniform Civil Code, is part of: A. Fundamental Rights (Part III) B. Fundamental Duties (Part IVA) C. Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV) D. Emergency Provisions (Part XVIII)
Q2. Which was the first Indian state to enact a Uniform Civil Code? A. Gujarat B. Madhya Pradesh C. Uttarakhand D. Assam
Q3. In Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017), the Supreme Court held: A. Triple talaq is a protected religious practice under Article 25 B. Instant triple talaq is unconstitutional as it violates Articles 14 and 21 C. Only Parliament can legislate on Muslim personal law D. All forms of talaq are unconstitutional
Q4. For a State law on a Concurrent List subject to receive Presidential assent, the relevant constitutional provision is: A. Article 368 B. Article 200 read with Article 254 C. Article 161 D. Article 73
Q5. The Madhya Pradesh UCC Bill 2026 exempts which group from its application? A. Christians B. Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) C. Scheduled Tribes D. Members of minority linguistic communities
Answers: Q1-C, Q2-C, Q3-B, Q4-B, Q5-C
7. Jan Aushadhi Yojana — Rs 45,000 Crore in Savings to Citizens in 12 Years
Source: Social News XYZ, PIB | Category: Major National Policies / Government Schemes
What Happened?
The Government of India informed the Lok Sabha on July 24, 2026, that the Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP) has achieved savings of approximately Rs 45,000 crore to citizens in its 12-year operation (compared to branded medicine prices), with 20,149 Jan Aushadhi Kendras (JAKs) now operational across the country. Union Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers Jagat Prakash Nadda highlighted the scheme's significant contribution to reducing out-of-pocket medical expenditure for households.
Why is this IMPORTANT for CLAT?
- The PMBJP directly implicates Article 21's expansive interpretation by the Supreme Court to include the right to health and access to affordable medicines — a frequently tested constitutional dimension.
- The legal framework for generic medicines, price control under the Drug (Prices Control) Order (DPCO), and the role of the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) are CLAT-relevant legal and policy concepts.
- "Out-of-pocket expenditure" in healthcare is a key public policy concept tested in CLAT Reading Comprehension passages on health and inequality.
- The difference between generic medicines and branded medicines, the role of PMBJP in reducing this gap, and the 2015 Supreme Court ruling on doctors prescribing generic medicines connect to legal obligations and medical ethics — CLAT passage themes.
Key Static Concepts to Link
- Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP): Launched in 2015 (re-launched; originally 2008 as Jan Aushadhi); provides generic medicines at 50–90% lower cost than branded equivalents through Jan Aushadhi Kendras.
- Jan Aushadhi Kendras (JAKs): Retail outlets selling quality generic drugs under the PMBJP; 20,149 as of July 2026.
- Drugs (Prices Control) Order (DPCO), 2013: Empowers the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) to control prices of essential medicines listed in the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM).
- Article 21 & Right to Health: The SC in Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor Samity v. State of West Bengal (1996) and various judgments has held the right to health as part of Article 21.
- Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India (BPPI): Implementing agency for PMBJP; a society under the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers.
- Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE): Payments made directly by patients at the point of care; India's OOPE in health is among the highest in the world.
Possible CLAT Questions
Q1. The Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP) is implemented by: A. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare B. Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India (BPPI) under the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers C. National Health Authority (NHA) under the Ministry of Finance D. NITI Aayog
Q2. Which Supreme Court case established the right to health as part of Article 21? A. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978) B. Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor Samity v. State of West Bengal (1996) C. Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) D. A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)
Q3. The Drug Prices Control Order (DPCO), 2013 empowers which body to regulate prices of essential medicines? A. Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) B. National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) C. Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission (IPC) D. Drug Controller General of India (DCGI)
Q4. The Jan Aushadhi Kendras as of July 2026 number approximately: A. 5,000 B. 12,000 C. 20,149 D. 35,000
Q5. The National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) is used to: A. Register new drug manufacturers B. Identify medicines under price control and public procurement C. Ban imported pharmaceutical products D. License doctors to prescribe controlled substances
Answers: Q1-B, Q2-B, Q3-B, Q4-C, Q5-B
8. EU's 21st Sanctions Package Against Russia — Banks, Energy & Shadow Fleet
Source: Target Defence Academy, Social News XYZ | Category: International Relations / Major International Conflicts
What Happened?
The European Union approved its 21st package of sanctions against Russia on July 24, 2026, targeting Russian banks, the energy sector, and the "shadow fleet" — tankers used to transport sanctioned Russian oil in circumvention of Western price caps. The sanctions also included restrictions on individuals and entities supporting Russia's war effort. Simultaneously, the EU fined Google €890 million under the Digital Markets Act (DMA) for anti-competitive practices — another significant regulatory development.
Why is this IMPORTANT for CLAT?
- EU sanctions against Russia are rooted in international law concepts of state responsibility, countermeasures, and collective coercive economic measures — all tested in CLAT reading comprehension on international law.
- The "shadow fleet" concept — vessels re-flagged to evade sanctions — raises questions of maritime law under UNCLOS, the law of flags, and the right to board suspect vessels on the high seas.
- The EU's Digital Markets Act (DMA) — fining Big Tech for anti-competitive practices — is a landmark piece of digital competition law that CLAT passages use to examine the intersection of technology, antitrust law, and digital regulation.
- India's balancing act — maintaining trade with Russia (especially oil imports) while not directly violating Western sanctions — is a tested Indian foreign policy and international law scenario.
Key Static Concepts to Link
- EU Sanctions Against Russia: Began in 2022 post-Ukraine invasion; now in the 21st package; target banking, energy, military supplies, individuals, and the shadow fleet.
- Shadow Fleet: Tankers operating under flags of convenience to conceal the origin of Russian oil exports and circumvent G7/EU price caps ($60/barrel cap for Russian crude).
- UNCLOS Article 110: Permits warships to board merchant ships on the high seas if suspected of piracy, slave trade, or flying a flag without entitlement — limited basis for anti-shadow-fleet enforcement.
- EU Digital Markets Act (DMA), 2022: Regulates "gatekeeper" digital platforms (e.g., Google, Apple, Meta) to ensure fair and contestable digital markets; allows fines of up to 10% of global annual turnover.
- Price Cap on Russian Oil (G7 + EU): Set at $60/barrel for seaborne Russian crude; designed to limit Russia's oil revenues while keeping global markets supplied.
- European Union (EU): A supranational organisation of 27 member states; has legal personality; its primary legislative instruments are Regulations (directly applicable) and Directives (need implementation).
Possible CLAT Questions
Q1. The EU's 21st sanctions package against Russia targeted which of the following? A. India's diplomatic relations with Russia B. Russian banks, energy sector, and the shadow fleet C. Russia's nuclear programme and Arctic drilling D. Russian athletes in international sports events
Q2. The EU Digital Markets Act (DMA) is designed to regulate: A. EU member states' internal trade barriers B. Digital "gatekeeper" platforms to ensure fair competition C. Data privacy obligations of EU citizens D. Cross-border e-commerce taxation
Q3. Under UNCLOS Article 110, a warship may board a merchant vessel on the high seas if suspected of: A. Environmental pollution at sea B. Flying a flag not matching its registered nationality, piracy, or slave trade C. Smuggling pharmaceutical products D. Violation of the exclusive economic zone of a coastal state
Q4. The G7/EU oil price cap on Russian crude was set at: A. $40 per barrel B. $60 per barrel C. $80 per barrel D. $100 per barrel
Q5. The European Union currently has how many member states? A. 25 B. 27 C. 30 D. 32
Answers: Q1-B, Q2-B, Q3-B, Q4-B, Q5-B
9. Exercise Pitch Black 2026 — India's Rafale Makes Debut in Multinational Air Combat Exercise in Australia
Source: News on Air, The Week, Indian Masterminds, Business Standard | Category: International Relations / Indian High Offices & Electoral Processes
What Happened?
India's Air Force contingent — comprising four Rafale fighter jets, two C-17 transport aircraft, and over 120 Air Warriors — arrived in Darwin, Australia, to participate in Exercise Pitch Black 2026, hosted by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) from July 20 to August 7, 2026. This marks the first time India's Rafale aircraft have participated in the exercise. Exercise Pitch Black is a biennial multinational air combat exercise involving around 100 aircraft and personnel from 19 allied and partner nations, focused on improving interoperability and combat flying skills.
Why is this IMPORTANT for CLAT?
- India's participation reflects its deepening defence ties with Australia under the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (2020) and the India-Australia Defence and Security Cooperation Agreement — a tested bilateral relationship in CLAT.
- Exercise Pitch Black connects to India's broader Indo-Pacific strategy — strengthening the Quad (India, USA, Australia, Japan) and like-minded partner alliances — an important thematic area for CLAT passages on foreign policy.
- The Rafale's induction into the IAF (first 36 jets ordered in 2016 from France's Dassault Aviation under a Government-to-Government deal) and its strategic importance is frequently referenced in CLAT GK sections.
Key Static Concepts to Link
- Exercise Pitch Black: Biennial multinational air combat exercise hosted by RAAF at RAAF Base Darwin; commenced in 1981; one of the largest air exercises in the Indo-Pacific.
- Rafale Fighter Jet: Manufactured by Dassault Aviation, France; India signed the IGA in 2016 for 36 aircraft; inducted into IAF in 2020.
- India-Australia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (2020): Elevates the bilateral relationship; includes mutual logistics support, defence technology sharing, and maritime security cooperation.
- Quad (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue): India, USA, Japan, Australia; a security grouping focused on a free, open, and prosperous Indo-Pacific.
- C-17 Globemaster III: Heavy military transport aircraft; India operates 11 C-17s under a Government-to-Government deal with the USA; used for strategic airlift.
Possible CLAT Questions
Q1. Exercise Pitch Black 2026 is hosted by which country's air force? A. India B. USA C. Australia D. Japan
Q2. India's Rafale fighter jets participating in Exercise Pitch Black 2026 were manufactured by: A. HAL (India) B. Boeing (USA) C. Dassault Aviation (France) D. Eurofighter Consortium (Europe)
Q3. The Quad grouping (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) comprises which four nations? A. India, China, USA, Russia B. India, USA, Japan, Australia C. India, France, UK, Germany D. India, Japan, South Korea, Australia
Q4. India elevated its bilateral relationship with Australia to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in: A. 2016 B. 2018 C. 2020 D. 2022
Q5. RAAF Base Darwin is located in which Australian state/territory? A. New South Wales B. Victoria C. Northern Territory D. Queensland
Answers: Q1-C, Q2-C, Q3-B, Q4-C, Q5-C
10. Anil Menon — Indian-Origin NASA Astronaut Embarks on First ISS Mission
Source: The Print, Insights on India, The Researchers, Gulf News | Category: Sports, Awards & Science / International Relations
What Happened?
Indian-origin NASA astronaut Anil Menon launched on his first spaceflight on July 14, 2026, aboard a Roscosmos Soyuz MS-29 spacecraft from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, bound for the ISS. Born in Minneapolis to Indian and Ukrainian immigrant parents, Menon holds degrees from Harvard (neurobiology) and Stanford (MD). He is also a Colonel in the US Space Force. The 8-month mission covers Expeditions 74 and 75, with return scheduled for April 2027.
Why is this IMPORTANT for CLAT?
- The ISS is governed by intergovernmental agreements among NASA (USA), Roscosmos (Russia), ESA (Europe), JAXA (Japan), and CSA (Canada) — testing international space law and treaty frameworks.
- Outer Space Treaty (1967) — the foundational framework for space law — prohibits national appropriation of celestial bodies and governs astronaut rescue and liability.
- India's Gaganyaan programme (human spaceflight) and ISRO-NASA cooperation connect to this story.
Key Static Concepts to Link
- International Space Station (ISS): Launched in 1998; orbits at ~408 km altitude; governed by the 1998 Intergovernmental Agreement among NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA, CSA.
- Outer Space Treaty (1967): Prohibits WMD in space, national sovereignty over celestial bodies; India is a signatory.
- Baikonur Cosmodrome: World's first and largest space launch facility; located in Kazakhstan; leased by Russia.
- ISRO's Gaganyaan: India's human spaceflight programme; aims to send Indian astronauts ("Vyomanauts") to low Earth orbit.
- US Space Force: Established in 2019 as the sixth branch of the US Armed Forces.
Possible CLAT Questions
Q1. Anil Menon launched on his ISS mission aboard which spacecraft? A. NASA Space Shuttle B. SpaceX Crew Dragon C. Roscosmos Soyuz MS-29 D. Blue Origin New Shepard
Q2. The Outer Space Treaty (1967) formally prohibits which of the following? A. Commercial satellite launches B. National claims of sovereignty over celestial bodies C. Human spaceflight missions D. Private companies from launching satellites
Q3. The ISS operates under a 1998 Intergovernmental Agreement among which agencies? A. NASA, ISRO, Roscosmos, ESA, CNSA B. NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA, CSA C. NASA, ISRO, ESA, JAXA, UKSA D. NASA, Roscosmos, ISRO, JAXA, CNSA
Q4. India's Gaganyaan human spaceflight programme is executed by: A. DRDO B. HAL C. ISRO D. CSIR
Q5. The Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in which country? A. Russia B. Ukraine C. Kazakhstan D. Uzbekistan
Answers: Q1-C, Q2-B, Q3-B, Q4-C, Q5-C
11. Supreme Court Calls for Permanent Structural Reforms in NEET-UG — Monitoring NTA Overhaul
Source: India Legal, APN Live | Category: Indian Polity & Constitutional Law / Governance
What Happened?
The Supreme Court of India called for comprehensive structural, administrative, and technological reforms in the NEET-UG examination system, stressing that the ecosystem must move beyond ad hoc measures and adopt permanent institutional safeguards. The Court stated it would closely monitor NTA reforms, including multi-phase examination systems and stronger digital security. The NEET-UG 2026 original exam (May 3) was cancelled due to paper leaks and re-conducted on June 21.
Why is this IMPORTANT for CLAT?
- The Supreme Court's monitoring implicates Article 21 (right to fair examination as part of right to education), Article 14 (equal opportunity), and Article 32 (writ jurisdiction).
- The concept of "continuing mandamus" — SC retaining jurisdiction to monitor compliance with its directions — is a tested constitutional mechanism.
- The NTA, NEET-UG, and the centralised vs. decentralised examination debate are recurring CLAT legal reasoning themes.
Key Static Concepts to Link
- NEET-UG: For admission to MBBS/BDS courses; conducted by NTA; governed by the NMC Act, 2020.
- National Testing Agency (NTA): Autonomous body under the Ministry of Education; established in 2017.
- Article 21A: Right to education (86th Amendment, 2002) — for children 6–14 years.
- Continuing Mandamus: SC retains jurisdiction to monitor compliance; used in environmental cases (Godavarman) and now examination governance.
- NMC Act, 2020: Replaced the Medical Council of India (MCI); mandates NEET as the single entrance test.
Possible CLAT Questions
Q1. NEET-UG is governed by which legislation? A. UGC Act, 1956 B. National Medical Commission Act, 2020 C. Right to Education Act, 2009 D. Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971
Q2. "Continuing Mandamus" means: A. A permanent writ issued by the High Court B. The Supreme Court retaining jurisdiction to monitor compliance with its directions over time C. A special legislative power granted to Parliament D. Parliamentary oversight of court judgments
Q3. Article 21A was inserted by which constitutional amendment? A. 42nd Amendment, 1976 B. 73rd Amendment, 1992 C. 86th Amendment, 2002 D. 97th Amendment, 2011
Q4. The NTA was established in: A. 2014 B. 2017 C. 2019 D. 2020
Q5. Which fundamental right is primarily invoked to argue a student's right to a fair examination? A. Article 19(1)(g) B. Article 21 C. Article 29 D. Article 32
Answers: Q1-B, Q2-B, Q3-C, Q4-B, Q5-B
📊 Quick Revision Snapshot
| # | Topic | Key Fact | CLAT Category |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | JPC Defers 130th Constitution Amendment Bill Report | JPC deferred report; bill proposes auto-removal of PM/CMs if arrested 30+ days | Indian Polity & Constitutional Law |
| 2 | Vande Mataram Bill in Rajya Sabha (July 24) | Prevention of Insults to National Honour Amendment; Left opposes; House adjourned; 3 years imprisonment proposed | Indian Polity & Constitutional Law |
| 3 | Income Tax (Amendment) Bill 2026 | Replaces Ordinance; exempts FIIs & BIS from tax on G-Sec earnings | Economy & Financial Regulation |
| 4 | RBI State of Economy Report July 2026 | India resilient; CPI at 4.38%; Repo rate 5.25%; Iran war & monsoon as top risks | Economy & Financial Regulation |
| 5 | 2026 Iran War & India's Energy Security | Crude above $100/barrel; India imports 50%+ Russian oil; Strait of Hormuz & Bab el-Mandeb risks | International Conflicts & Security |
| 6 | Madhya Pradesh UCC Bill 2026 | MP 4th state after Uttarakhand, Gujarat, Assam; bans polygamy; STs exempt; awaits President's assent | Indian Polity & Constitutional Law |
| 7 | Jan Aushadhi Yojana — Rs 45,000 Crore Savings | 20,149 JAKs; Rs 45,000 crore savings in 12 years; Lok Sabha statement July 24 | Government Schemes & National Policy |
| 8 | EU 21st Sanctions Against Russia | Targets banks, energy, shadow fleet; EU fines Google €890M under DMA | International Relations & Law |
| 9 | Exercise Pitch Black 2026 — IAF Rafale in Australia | First Rafale in Pitch Black; 4 jets + 2 C-17 + 120 Air Warriors; RAAF Darwin; 19 nations | International Relations & Defence |
| 10 | Anil Menon — Indian-Origin NASA Astronaut | Launched July 14 on Soyuz MS-29 from Baikonur; 8-month ISS mission (Expeditions 74–75) | Space Law & International Affairs |
| 11 | SC on NEET-UG Structural Reforms | SC calls for permanent institutional safeguards; monitors NTA overhaul; Article 21 right to fair exam | Indian Polity & Governance |
📌 Prepared by CLATians Editorial Desk | For CLAT 2027 & CLAT 2028 Preparation | Based on The Hindu, Indian Express, Times of India, PIB, ANI
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